Elsevier

American Heart Journal

Volume 164, Issue 2, August 2012, Pages 201-206
American Heart Journal

Clinical Investigation
Acute Ischemic Heart Disease
Prehospital diagnosis and triage of ST-elevation myocardial infarction by paramedics without advanced care training

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2012.05.009Get rights and content

Background

Prehospital triage of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) for primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) reduces treatment times. Prehospital triage and transport of STEMI patients have traditionally been undertaken in emergency medical service systems with Advanced Care Paramedics (ACPs). However, ACPs are not available in many regions. A pilot study was conducted to determine the feasibility of prehospital STEMI triage in a region with only Primary Care Paramedics.

Methods

Hemodynamically stable patients with chest pain and suspected STEMI were brought directly to a catheterization laboratory for primary PCI. End points included accuracy of prehospital STEMI identification, complications during transfer, and treatment times.

Results

One hundred thirty-four consecutive patients with suspected STEMI were triaged for primary PCI. Only 1 patient developed complications during transport (rapid atrial flutter) that required ACP skills. One hundred thirty-three patients underwent urgent angiography, and 105 patients underwent PCI. Based on physician interpretation of the prehospital electrocardiogram, there was agreement with triage decision for 121 (90%) of the 134 cases. The final diagnosis based on the angiogram and cardiac markers was true STEMI for 106 patients and false positive for 28 patients. The median first medical contact to balloon time was 91 (81-115) minutes.

Conclusions

Hemodynamically stable patients with suspected STEMI can be safely and effectively transported directly for primary PCI by paramedics without advanced care training. Prehospital STEMI triage for primary PCI can be extended to regions that have few or no paramedics with advanced care training.

Section snippets

Background

Patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) require rapid diagnosis and reperfusion therapy to improve survival. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been shown to be superior to fibrinolytic therapy when it can be performed in a timely manner.1 Guidelines recommend a target time of 90 to 120 minutes from first medical contact.2., 3. A very effective strategy to reduce the first medical contact to balloon time is to have emergency medical service (EMS) providers

Emergency medical services

In Canada, there are 3 levels of training for paramedics: Primary Care (PCP), Advanced Care (ACP), and Critical Care. The Paramedic Association of Canada has developed National Occupational Competency Profiles that outline the scope of practice for the various paramedic levels in Canada.8

Primary Care Paramedics in the study area (County of Simcoe, Ontario) are trained to provide semiautomated defibrillation,9 acquire and interpret 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs), and administer several

Results

From January 2007 until August 2011, 134 consecutive patients with suspected STEMI were brought directly to the cardiac catheterization laboratory by the PCPs (Figure). Only 1 patient had a complication during transfer that required ACP skills: a patient with rapid atrial flutter and stable blood pressure who underwent synchronized cardioversion on arrival to the catheterization laboratory. One patient had multiple episodes of ventricular fibrillation in the ambulance requiring defibrillation

Discussion

Prehospital diagnosis of STEMI with triage to the closest PCI facility is a well-established strategy for reducing treatment times in patients undergoing primary PCI. However, the level of training required for EMS providers to identify and transfer STEMI patients for primary PCI has not been established. There is considerable variation in the level of training of EMS providers throughout North America, and many regions have few or no paramedics with advanced care training. Our initial

Conclusions

The results of this initial pilot series indicate that hemodynamically stable patients with suspected STEMI can be safely and effectively identified in the prehospital setting and transported directly for primary PCI by paramedics without advanced care training. If supported by further studies, these findings indicate that a strategy of prehospital STEMI diagnosis and triage for primary PCI can be applied in regions that have few or no paramedics with advanced care training.

References (22)

  • M.R. Le May et al.

    Diagnostic performance and potential clinical impact of advanced care paramedic interpretation of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in the field

    CJEM

    (2006)
  • Cited by (33)

    • 2019 Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian Association of Interventional Cardiology Guidelines on the Acute Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Focused Update on Regionalization and Reperfusion

      2019, Canadian Journal of Cardiology
      Citation Excerpt :

      ACPs can provide more advanced life support such as synchronized cardioversion, transcutaneous pacing, and advanced airway management, and they can administer advanced cardiac life support medications such as vasopressors, antiarrhythmics, and fibrinolytic therapy. A number of observational studies have shown that complications requiring ACP intervention during prehospital transport of selected STEMI patients are infrequent (< 5%).31,32,34-36 The most commonly observed complications during STEMI patient transport included chest pain, hypotension, tachycardia, and bradycardia.34,37

    • Improving Electrocardiography Diagnostic Accuracy in Emergency Medical Services Personnel

      2019, CJC Open
      Citation Excerpt :

      Given the prehospital activation of extensive hospital resources and patient outcome-associated factors, optimizing CCL activation and diagnosis of STEMI should be a key educational objective. Studies that have examined ECG education in various healthcare provider streams have generally focused on delivery via classroom lectures or handouts, with varying effect.20-23 Online or web-based teaching has been shown to have comparable efficacy with more traditional lecture or workshop-based teaching in regard to ECGs.24-26

    • The Safety of Bypass to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Facility by Basic Life Support Providers in Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in Prehospital Setting

      2018, Journal of Emergency Medicine
      Citation Excerpt :

      No patients received transcutaneous pacing. In another study from Ontario, Canada, in which BLS providers directly transported 134 patients for primary PCI with a median transport time of 43 min, the authors report only one (0.7%) adverse event that required an advanced care intervention (15). This study, however, excluded patients who were hemodynamically unstable at the scene or during transport.

    View all citing articles on Scopus
    View full text