American Heart Journal
Volume 160, Issue 2 , Pages 230-236 , August 2010

High burden of cardiovascular disease risk factors in Mexico: An epidemic of ischemic heart disease that may be on its way?

  • Benjamín Acosta-Cázares, MD

      Affiliations

    • Mexican Social Security, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
  • ,
  • Jorge Escobedo-de la Peña, MD, FACP

      Affiliations

    • Medical Research Unit on Clinical Epidemiology, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Jorge Escobedo-de la Peña, MD, FACP, Apartado Postal 40-028 Delegacion Cuauhtemoc 06140 Mexico, DF Mexico.

Received 20 February 2010 ,Accepted 6 May 2010.

References 

  1. Reddy KS, Yusuf S. Emerging epidemic of cardiovascular disease in developing countries. Circulation. 1998;97:596–601
  2. Okrainec K, Banerjee DK, Eisenberg MJ. Coronary artery disease in the developing world. Am Heart J. 2004;148:7–15
  3. Lozano R, Escamilla JA, Escobedo J, et al. Trends of ischemic heart disease mortality in Mexico, 1950-1985. Salud Publica Mex. 1990;32:405–415
  4. Rodríguez T, Malvezzi M, Chatenoud L, et al. Trends in mortality from coronary heart and cerebrovascular disease in the Americas: 1970-2000. Heart. 2006;92:453–460
  5. Secretaría de Salud . Sistema Nacional de Información en Salud 2007. México. Available at http://sinais.salud.gob.mx/mortalidad/index.html2010;2 April
  6. Unal B, Critchley JA, Capewell S. Modelling the decline in coronary heart disease deaths in England and Wales, 1981-2000: comparing contributions from primary and secondary prevention. BMJ. 2005;331:614–617
  7. Ford ES, Ajani UA, Croft JB, et al. Explaining the decrease in U.S. deaths from coronary disease, 1980-2000. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2388–2398
  8. Escobedo J, Escamilla JA, Santos C. Serum cholesterol and diabetes mellitus: main independent risk factors of coronary heart disease mortality in Mexicans. Arch Inst Cardiol Mex. 1994;64:189–195
  9. Camacho-Hernández R, Corona-Muñiz I, Vázquez-Martínez JL, et al. Risk factors for coronary heart disease in Mexico: a case-control study. Arch Inst Cardiol Mex. 1995;65:315–322
  10. Corona I, Camacho R, Escobedo J. Obesity, central fat distribution and ischemic heart disease in Mexican population. Arch Inst Cardio Mex. 1996;66:143–150
  11. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ôunpuu S, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): a case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364:937–952
  12. Schargrodsky H, Hernández-Hernández R, Champagne BM, et al. CARMELA: assessment of cardiovascular risk in seven Latin American cities. Am J Med. 2008;121:58–65
  13. Escobedo J, Buitrón LV, Velasco MF, et al. High prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in urban Latin America: the CARMELA Study. Diabetic Medicine. 2009;26:864–871
  14. Rodríguez G, Escobedo J, Zurita B, et al. Premature death and disability profile in the population affiliated to the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS). Salud Publica Mex. 2007;49:132–143
  15. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. The JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289:2560–2572
  16. National Cholesterol Education Program . Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adults Treatment Panel III). Bethesda, MD: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. National Institutes of Health; 2002;NIH Publication No.02-5215
  17. The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus . Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:S5–S20
  18. Cutler JA, Sorlie PD, Wolz M, et al. Trends in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rates in United States adults between 1988-1994 and 1999-2004. Hypertension. 2008;52:818–827
  19. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008. JAMA. 2010;303:235–241
  20. Hertz RP, Unger AN, Ferrario CM. Diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia in Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites. Am J Prev Med. 2006;30:103–110
  21. Ford ES, Mokdad Ali H, Giles WH, Mensah GA. Serum total cholesterol concentrations and awareness, treatment, and control of hypercholesterolemia among US adults. Circulation. 2003;107:2185–2189
  22. Dube SR, Asman K, Malarcher A, Carabollo R. Cigarette smoking among adults and trends in smoking cessation—United States, 2008. MMWR. 2009;58:1227–1232
  23. Lloyd-Jones DM, Leip EP, Larson MG, et al. Prediction of lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease by factor burden at 50 years of age. Circulation. 2006;113:791–798
  24. World Health Organization . Integrated management of cardiovascular risk: a report of a WHO meeting, Geneva, 9-12 July 2002. Cardiovascular Disease Programme. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002;WG166
  25. Garcia-Garcia G, Aviles-Gomez R, Luquin-Arellano VH, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in the Mexican population. Renal Failure. 2006;28:677–687
  26. Olaiz G, Rojas R, Barquera S, et al. Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2000. Tomo 2. La salud de los adultos. Cuernavaca, Morelos, México: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública; 2003;
  27. World Health Organization . The world health report 2002. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002;
  28. World Health Organization . Guidelines for controlling and monitoring the tobacco epidemic. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1998;
  29. Fernández IH, Escobedo J, Hernández D, et al. Tobacco consumption among the active insured population of the Mexican Social Security Institute. Salud Publica Mex. 1997;39:125–132
  30. Lee CMY, Huxley RR, Wildman RP, Woodward M. Indices of abdominal obesity are better discriminators of cardiovascular risk factors than BMI: a meta-analysis. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61:646–653
  31. Fuentes R, Uusitalo T, Puska P, et al. Blood cholesterol level and prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia in developing countries: a review of population-based studies carried out from 1979 to 2002. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2003;10:411–419
  32. Sánchez-Castillo CP, Velásquez-Monroy O, Lara-Esqueda A, et al. Diabetes and hypertension increases in a society with abdominal obesity: results of the Mexican National Health Survey 2000. Public Health Nutr. 2005;8:53–60
  33. Aguilar-Salinas CA, Olaiz G, Valles V, et al. High prevalence of low HDL cholesterol concentrations and mixed hyperlipidemia in a Mexican nationwide survey. J Lipid Res. 2001;42:1298–1307

PII: S0002-8703(10)00422-9

doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2010.05.016

American Heart Journal
Volume 160, Issue 2 , Pages 230-236 , August 2010