American Heart Journal
Volume 159, Issue 3 , Pages 385-391 , March 2010

Variations in prevalent cardiovascular disease and future risk by metabolic syndrome classification in the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study

  • Todd M. Brown, MD, MSPH

      Affiliations

    • Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Todd M. Brown MD, MSPH, UAB Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, LHRB 313, 701 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294.
  • ,
  • Jenifer H. Voeks, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
  • ,
  • Vera Bittner, MD, MSPH

      Affiliations

    • Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
  • ,
  • Monika M. Safford, MD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL

Received 21 July 2009 ,Accepted 26 December 2009.

References 

  1. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US Adults: Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA. 2002;287:356–359
  2. Gami AS, Witt BJ, Howard DE, et al. Metabolic syndrome and risk of incident cardiovascular events and death. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:403–414
  3. Echahidi N, Pibarot P, Despres JP, et al. Metabolic syndrome increases operative mortality in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:843–851
  4. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486–2497
  5. Grundy SM, Brewer HB, Cleeman JI, et al. For the Conference Participants Definition of the Metabolic Syndrome: Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association Conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation. 2004;109:433–438
  6. The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome. Available at: http://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/MetS_def_update2006.pdfLast accessed July 20, 2009
  7. Ford ES. Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome Defined by the International Diabetes Federation among adults in the US. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2745–2749
  8. Rathmann W, Haastert B, Icks A, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the elderly population according to IDF, WHO, and NCEP definitions and associations with C-reactive protein: The KORA Survey 2000. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:461
  9. Lorenzo C, Serrano-Rios M, Martinez-Larrad MT, et al. Geographic Variations of the International Diabetes Federation and the National Cholesterol Education Program–Adult Treatment Panel III definitions of the metabolic syndrome in nondiabetic subjects. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:685–691
  10. Adams RJ, Appleton S, Wilson DH, et al. Population comparison of two clinical approaches to the metabolic syndrome: implications of the new international diabetes federation consensus definition. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2777–2779
  11. Guerrero-Romero F, Rodriguez-Moran M. Concordance Between the 2005 International Diabetes Federation Definition for Diagnosing Metabolic Syndrome with the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III and the World Health Organization Definitions. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2588–2589
  12. Bo S, Ciccone G, Pearce N, et al. Prevalence of undiagnosed metabolic syndrome in a population of adult asymptomatic subjects. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2007;75:362–365
  13. Gonzalez-Ortiz M, Martinez-Abundis E, Jacques-Camarena O, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adults with excess of adiposity: comparison of the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria with the International Diabetes Federation definition. Acta Diabetol. 2006;43:84–86
  14. Katzmarzyk PT, Janssen I, Ross R, et al. The importance of waist circumference in the definition of metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:404–409
  15. Lorenzo C, Williams K, Hunt KJ, et al. The National Cholesterol Education Program–Adult Treatment Panel III, International Diabetes Federation, and World Health Organization definitions of the metabolic syndrome as predictors of incident cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:8–13
  16. De Simone G, Devereux RB, Chinali M, et al. Prognostic impact of metabolic syndrome by different definitions in a population with high prevalence of obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1851–1856
  17. Sandhofer A, Iglseder B, Paulweber B, et al. Comparison of different definitions of the metabolic syndrome. Eur J Clin Invest. 2007;37:109–116
  18. Skilton MR, Moulin P, Serusclat A, et al. A comparison of the NCEP-ATPIII, IDF, and AHA/NHLBI metabolic syndrome definitions with relation to early carotid atherosclerosis in subjects with hypercholesterolemia or at risk of CVD: evidence for sex-specific differences. Atherosclerosis. 2007;190:416–422
  19. Nilsson PM, Engstrom G, Hedblad B. The metabolic syndrome and incidence of cardiovascular disease in non-diabetic subjects—a population-based study comparing three different definitions. Diabet Med. 2007;24:464–472
  20. Boulon C, Lafitte M, Richeboeuf V, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome after acute coronary syndrome and its prognostic significance. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98:1429–1434
  21. Lawlor DA, Smith GD, Ebrahim S. Does the new International Diabetes Federation definition of the metabolic syndrome predict CHD any more strongly than older definitions? Findings from the British Women's Heart and Health Study. Diabetologia. 2006;49:41–48
  22. The DECODE study groupQiao Q. Comparison of different definitions of the metabolic syndrome in relation to cardiovascular mortality in European men and women. Diabetologia. 2006;49:2837–2846
  23. Targher G, Bertolini L, Tessari R, et al. The International Diabetes Federation definition of the metabolic syndrome independently predicts future cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetic patients. The Valpolicella Heart Disease Study. Diabet Med. 2006;23:1270–1271
  24. Athyros VG, Ganotakis ES, Elisaf MS, et al. Prevalence of vascular disease in metabolic syndrome using three proposed definitions. Int J Cardiol. 2007;117:204–210
  25. Assmann G, Guerra R, Fox G, et al. Harmonizing the definition of the metabolic syndrome: Comparison of the criteria of the Adult Treatment Panel III and the International Diabetes Federation in United States American and European populations. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99:541–548
  26. Tong PC, Kong AP, So WY, et al. The usefulness of the International Diabetes Federation and the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III definitions of the metabolic syndrome in predicting coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1206–1211
  27. Monami M, Marchionni N, Masotti G, et al. IDF and ATP-III definitions of metabolic syndrome in the prediction of all-cause mortality in type-2 diabetes patients. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2007;9:350–353
  28. Saely CH, Koch L, Schmid F, et al. Adult Treatment Panel III 2001 but not International Diabetes Federation 2005 criteria of the metabolic syndrome predict clinical cardiovascular events in subjects who underwent coronary angiography. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:901–907
  29. Brown TM, Vaidya D, Rogers WJ, et al. Does prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in women with coronary artery disease differ by the ATP III and IDF criteria?. J Womens Health. 2008;17:841–847
  30. Wang J, Ruotsalainen S, Moilanen L, et al. The metabolic syndrome predicts incident stroke: a 14-year follow-up study in elderly people in Finland. Stroke. 2008;39:1078–1083
  31. Howard VJ, Cushman M, Pulley LV, et al. The REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study: objectives and design. Neuroepidemiology. 2005;25:135–143
  32. Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB, Levy D, et al. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation. 1998;97:1837–1847
  33. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Haffner SM, et al. Elevated risk of cardiovascular disease prior to clinical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:1129–1134
  34. Coutinho M, Gerstein HC, Wang Y, et al. The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events. A metaregression analysis of published data from 20 studies of 95,783 individuals followed for 12.4 years. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:233–240
  35. Levitan EB, Song Y, Ford ES, et al. Is nondiabetic hyperglycemia a risk factor for cardiovascular disease? A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Arch Int Med. 2004;164:2147–2155
  36. Shubair MM, Kodis J, McKelvie RS, et al. Metabolic profile and exercise capacity outcomes. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2004;24:405–413
  37. Stewart KJ, Bacher AC, Turner K, et al. Exercise and risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome in older adults. Am J Prev Med. 2005;28:9–18
  38. Katzmarzyk PT, Leon AS, Wilmore JH, et al. Targeting the metabolic syndrome with exercise: evidence from the HERITAGE Family Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35:1703–1709
  39. Grundy SM, Hansen B, Smith SC, et al. For Conference Participants. Clinical management of metabolic syndrome Report of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Diabetes Association Conference on scientific issues related to management. Circulation. 2004;109:551–556
  40. Bassand JP. Managing cardiovascular risk in patients with metabolic syndrome. Clinical Cornerstone. 2006;8(Suppl 1):S7–S14
  41. D'Agostino RB, Grundy S, Sullivan LM, et al. For the CHD Risk Prediction Group Validation of the Framingham coronary heart disease prediction scores: results of a multiple ethnic groups investigation. JAMA. 2001;286:180–187

PII: S0002-8703(10)00061-X

doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2009.12.022

American Heart Journal
Volume 159, Issue 3 , Pages 385-391 , March 2010