American Heart Journal
Volume 159, Issue 1 , Pages 1-14 , January 2010

Race, ethnicity, and heart disease: A challenge for cardiology for the 21st century

  • Vivian S. Rambihar, MD, FACC

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and The Scarborough Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
    • ,
  • Sherryn P. Rambihar, MD, FRCPC

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
    • ,
  • Vanessa S. Rambihar, BHSc

      Affiliations

    • University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Received 21 October 2009 ,Accepted 21 October 2009.

References 

  1. Danaraj TJ, Acker MS, Danaraj W, et al. Ethnic group differences in coronary heart disease in Singapore: an analysis of necropsy records. Am Heart J. 1959;58:516–526
  2. Muir CS. Coronary heart disease in seven racial groups in Singapore. British Heart J. 1960;22:45–53
  3. Wattley GH. Myocardial infarction in South Trinidad. WI Med J. 1959;9:33–36
  4. Shaper AG, Jones KW. Serum cholesterol, diet and coronary heart disease in Africans and Asians in Uganda. Lancet. 1959;2:534–537
  5. Rambihar VS, Jagdeo DG. Ethnocultural heart: another challenge for an emerging diversity. Can J Cardiol. 1995;11:441–442
  6. Rambihar VS, Rambihar S, Rambihar V. In: South Asian heart: the simple and the complex in tsunami chaos and global heart: using complexity science to rethink and make a better world. Toronto Vashna Publications; 2005;p. 137–151Available at: http://www.femmefractal.com/tsunami.htm. Last accessed August 1, 2009
  7. Enas EA, Singh V, Munjal YP, et al. Reducing the burden of coronary artery disease in India: Challenges and Opportunities. Indian Heart J. 2008;60:161–175
  8. Gupta M, Singh N, Verma S. South Asians and cardiovascular risk. What clinicians should know. Circulation. 2006;113:e924–929e
  9. Bhopal RS. Ethnicity, race and health in multicultural societies: Foundations for better epidemiology, public health and healthcare. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2007;
  10. Anand SS, Yusuf S, Vuksan V, et al. Differences in risk factors, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease between ethnic groups in Canada: the Study of Health Assessment and Risk in Ethnic Groups (SHARE). Lancet. 2000;356:279–284
  11. Ounpuu S, Yusuf S. Singapore and coronary heart disease: a population laboratory to explore ethnic variations in the epidemiologic transition. Editorial. Eur Heart J. 2003;24:127–129
  12. Mak KH, Chia KS, Kark JD, et al. Ethnic differences in acute myocardial infarction in Singapore. Eur Heart J. 2003;24:151–160
  13. Tai BC, Heng GD, Lee EE, et al. Ethnicity modifies the association between diabetes mellitus and ischaemic heart disease in Chinese, Malays and Asian Indians living in Singapore. Diabetologia. 2006;49:2866–2873
  14. Joshi P, Islam S, Pais P, et al. Risk factors for early myocardial infarction in South Asians compared with individuals in other countries. JAMA. 2007;297:286–294
  15. Oberman A, Cutter G. Issues in the natural history and treatment of coronary heart disease in black populations: surgical treatment. Am Heart J. 1984;108:688–694
  16. Peterson E, Yancey CW. Eliminating racial and ethnic disparities in cardiac care. N Engl Med. 2009;360:1172–1174
  17. Reddy KS. Ethnic diversity: the new challenge of preventive cardiology. CVD Prev. 1998;1:6–8
  18. Rambihar VS, Rambihar VS. Complexity science may help in defining health. BMJ. 2009;b32:338
  19. Rambihar VS, Rambihar VS. Using complexity science for wicked problems like chronic diseases. Available at: http://www.3four50.com/v2/?page=display_blog_comments&blog_id=266Last accessed August 1, 2009
  20. Rambihar VS. In:  Kernick D editors. Using complexity science in community health promotion: novel perspectives and a tool for change, in complexity and healthcare organization. Oxford: Radcliffe Medical Press; 2004;p. 335–345
  21. Vega J, Irwin A. Tackling health inequalities: new approaches in public policy.. Bull World Health Organ. 2004;82:482–483Available at: http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/82/7/482.pdf. Last accessed August 1, 2009

PII: S0002-8703(09)00816-3

doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2009.10.020

American Heart Journal
Volume 159, Issue 1 , Pages 1-14 , January 2010

Article Tools