Coffee consumption and risk of heart failure in men: An analysis from the Cohort of Swedish Men
Received 27 May 2009; accepted 13 July 2009. published online 24 August 2009.
Background
A previous study found that consuming 5 or more cups of coffee per day was associated with increased incidence of heart failure (HF). We sought to evaluate this association in a larger population.
Methods
We measured coffee consumption using food frequency questionnaires among 37,315 men without history of myocardial infarction, diabetes, or HF. They were observed for HF hospitalization or mortality from January 1, 1998, until December 31, 2006, using record linkage to the Swedish inpatient and cause of death registries. Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, dietary, and demographic factors were used to calculate incidence rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Results
For 9 years of follow-up, 784 men experienced an HF event. Compared to men who drank ≤1 cup of coffee per day (unadjusted rate 29.9 HF events/10,000 person-years), RR were 0.87 (95% CI 0.69-1.11, unadjusted rate 29.2/10,000 person-years) for 2 cups/d, 0.89 (95% CI 0.70-1.14, unadjusted rate 25.1/10,000 person-years) for 3 cups/d, 0.89 (95% CI 0.69-1.15, unadjusted rate 25.0/10,000 person-years) for 4 cups/d, and 0.89 (95% CI 0.69-1.15, unadjusted rate 18.1/10,000 person-years) for ≥5 cups/d (P for trend in RR = .61).
Conclusions
This study did not support the hypothesis that high coffee consumption is associated with increased rates of HF hospitalization or mortality.
aDepartment of Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
bCardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
cDivision of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
dDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
Reprint requests: Emily B. Levitan, ScD, Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 375 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02215.
e Drs Ahmed and Levitan contributed equally to this work.
ABSTRACT