American Heart Journal
Volume 154, Issue 1 , Pages 102-108 , July 2007

Relationship between depressive symptoms and long-term mortality in patients with heart failure

  • Wei Jiang, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
    • Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Wei Jiang, MD, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3366, Durham, NC 27710.
  • ,
  • Maragatha Kuchibhatla, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Aging Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
  • ,
  • Greg L. Clary, MD

      Affiliations

    • Grace Hospital, Morganton, NC
  • ,
  • Michael S. Cuffe, MD, FACC

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
  • ,
  • Eric J. Christopher, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
    • Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
  • ,
  • Jude D. Alexander, MD

      Affiliations

    • Medicine/Psychiatry Services, Shady Grove Adventist Hospital, Rockville, MD
  • ,
  • Robert M. Califf, MD, FACC

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
  • ,
  • Ranga R. Krishnan, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
  • ,
  • Christopher M. O'Connor, MD, FACC

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC

Received 6 November 2006 ,Accepted 23 March 2007.

References 

  1. American Heart Association . Heart disease and stroke statistics—2003 update. Dallas (TX): American Heart Association; 2003;
  2. Masoudi FA, Havranek EP, Krumholz HM. The burden of chronic congestive heart failure in older persons: magnitude and implications for policy and research. Heart Fail Rev. 2002;7:9–16
  3. Levy D, Kenchaiah S, Larson M. Long-term trends in the incidence of and survival with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1397–1402
  4. Jiang W, Alexander J, Christopher E, et al. Relationship of depression to increased risk of mortality and rehospitalization in patients with congestive heart failure. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:1849–1856
  5. Koenig HG. Depression in hospitalized older patients with congestive heart failure. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1998;20:29–43
  6. Faris R, Purcell H, Henein MY, et al. Clinical depression is common and significantly associated with reduced survival in patients with non-ischaemic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2002;4:541–551
  7. Murberg TA, Bru E, Svebak S, et al. Depressed mood and subjective health symptoms as predictors of mortality in patients with congestive heart failure: a two-years follow-up study. Int J Psychiatry Med. 1999;29:311–326
  8. Havranek EP, Ware MG, Lowes BD. Prevalence of depression in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 1999;84:348–350
  9. Vaccarino V, Kasl SV, Abramson J, et al. Depressive symptoms and risk of functional decline and death in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:199–205
  10. Freedland KE, Rich MW, Skala JA, et al. Prevalence of depression in hospitalized patients with congestive heart failure. Psychosom Med. 2003;65:119–128
  11. Turvey CL, Schultz K, Arndt S, et al. Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms in a community sample of people suffering from heart failure. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50:2003–2008
  12. Krumholz HM, Butler J, Miller J, et al. Prognostic importance of emotional support for elderly patients hospitalized with heart failure. Circulation. 1998;97:958–964
  13. Sullivan MD, Levy WC, Crane BA, et al. Usefulness of depression to predict time to combined end point of transplant or death for outpatients with advanced heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94:1577–1580
  14. Zich JM, Attkisson CC, Greenfield TK. Screening for depression in primary care clinics: the CES-D and the BDI. Int J Psychiatry Med. 1990;20:259–277
  15. Lasperance F, Frasure-Smith N, Talajic M, et al. Five-year risk of cardiac mortality in relation to initial severity and one-year changes in depression symptoms after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2002;105:1049–1053
  16. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener. Med Care. 2003;41:1284–1292
  17. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed (DSM-IV 1994). Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association; 2000;
  18. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA. 2003;289:3095–3105
  19. Murberg TA, Bru E, Aarsland T, et al. Functional status and depression among men and women with congestive heart failure. Int J Psychiatry Med. 1998;28:273–291
  20. Friedman MM, Griffin JA. Relationship of physical symptoms and physical functioning to depression in patients with heart failure. Heart Lung. 2001;30:98–104
  21. Jiang W, O'Connor CM, Krishnan RRK. Depression and heart disease: evidence of a link, and its therapeutic implications. CNS Drugs. 2002;16:111–127
  22. Thakore JH, Richards PJ, Reznek RH, et al. Increased intra-abdominal fat deposition in patients with major depressive illness as measured by computed tomography. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;41:1140–1142
  23. Mayo-Smith W, Hayes CW, Biller BM, et al. Body fat distribution measured with CT: correlations in healthy subjects, patients with anorexia nervosa, and patients with Cushing syndrome. Radiology. 1989;170:515–518
  24. Weith RC, Lewis N, Linares OA, et al. Sympathetic nervous system activity in major depression. Basal and desipramine-induced alterations in plasma norepinephrine kinetics. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:411–422
  25. Krittayaphong R, Cascio WE, Light KC, et al. Heart rate variability in patients with coronary artery disease: differences in patients with higher and lower depression scores. Psychosom Med. 1997;59:231–235
  26. Patrono C, Renda G. Platelet activation and inhibition in unstable coronary syndromes. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80:17E–20E
  27. Mann DL. Stress-activated cytokines and the heart: from adaptation to maladaptation. Annu Rev Physiol. 2003;65:81–101
  28. Maes M, Bosmans E, Meltzer HY, et al. Interleukin-1 beta: a putative mediator of HPA axis hyperactivity in major depression?. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:1189–1193
  29. Seidel A, Arolt V, Hunstiger M, et al. Cytokine production and serum proteins in depression. Scand J Immunol. 1995;41:534–538
  30. Jiang W, Babyak MA, Rozanski A, et al. Depression and increased myocardial ischemic activity in patients with ischemic heart disease. Am Heart J. 2003;146:55–61
  31. Carney R, Freedland K, Miller G, et al. Depression as a risk factor for cardiac mortality and morbidity. A review of potential mechanisms. J Psychosom Res. 2002;53:897–902
  32. Ziegelstein RC, Fauerbach JA, Stevens SS, et al. Patients with depression are less likely to follow recommendations to reduce cardiac risk during recovery from a myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:1818–1823
  33. Barefoot JC, Helms MJ, Mark DB, et al. Depression and long-term mortality risk in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1996;78:613–617

 The study was supported in part by National Institutes of Mental Health grants R01MH51191 and R01MH63211-Minority Supplement Award (WJ), and the APIRE/Merck & Co. Early Academic Career Research Award, 2004 (WJ).

PII: S0002-8703(07)00271-2

doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.03.043

American Heart Journal
Volume 154, Issue 1 , Pages 102-108 , July 2007