American Heart Journal
Volume 154, Issue 1 , Pages 137-143 , July 2007

Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ agonists for the Prevention of Adverse events following percutaneous coronary Revascularization—results of the PPAR Study

  • Deepak L. Bhatt, MD

      Affiliations

    • Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Deepak L. Bhatt MD, FACC, FSCAI, FESC, FACP, Cleveland Clinic, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Desk F25, Cleveland, OH 44195.
    • ,
  • Derek P. Chew, MBBS, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
    • ,
  • Cindy Grines, MD

      Affiliations

    • William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI
    • ,
  • Debabrata Mukherjee, MBBS

      Affiliations

    • University of Kentucky, Louisville, KY
    • ,
  • Massoud Leesar, MD

      Affiliations

    • University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
    • ,
  • Ian C. Gilchrist, MD

      Affiliations

    • Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
    • ,
  • John C. Corbelli, MD

      Affiliations

    • Millard Fillmore Hospital, Buffalo, NY
    • ,
  • James C. Blankenship, MD

      Affiliations

    • Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA
    • ,
  • Avichai Eres, MD

      Affiliations

    • Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington, KY
    • ,
  • Steven Steinhubl, MD

      Affiliations

    • University of Kentucky, Louisville, KY
    • ,
  • Walter A. Tan, MD, MS

      Affiliations

    • The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
    • ,
  • Jon R. Resar, MD

      Affiliations

    • Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
    • ,
  • Amjad AlMahameed, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
    • ,
  • Ahmed Abdel-Latif, MD

      Affiliations

    • Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
    • ,
  • H. Wilson Tang, MD

      Affiliations

    • Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
    • ,
  • Danielle Brennan, MS

      Affiliations

    • Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
    • ,
  • Ellen McErlean, MSN, RN

      Affiliations

    • Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
    • ,
  • Stanley L. Hazen, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
    • ,
  • Eric J. Topol, MD

      Affiliations

    • Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH

Received 1 January 2007 ,Accepted 19 March 2007.

References 

  1. Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Ohman EM, et al. International prevalence, recognition, and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in outpatients with atherothrombosis. JAMA. 2006;295:180–189
  2. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National health and nutrition examination survey. JAMA. 2002;287:356–359
  3. Weiss R, Dziura J, Burgert TS, et al. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2362–2374
  4. de Ferranti SD, Gauvreau K, Ludwig DS, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in American adolescents: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Circulation. 2004;110:2494–2497
  5. Kereiakes DJ, Willerson JT. Metabolic syndrome epidemic. Circulation. 2003;108:1552–1553
  6. Bhatt DL, Fox KA, Hacke W, et al. A global view of atherothrombosis: baseline characteristics in the Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management, and Avoidance (CHARISMA) trial. Am Heart J 2005; 150:401 e1-e7.
  7. Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, et al. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA. 2002;288:2709–2716
  8. Malik S, Wong ND, Franklin SS, et al. Impact of the metabolic syndrome on mortality from coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, and all causes in United States adults. Circulation. 2004;110:1245–1250
  9. Ninomiya JK, L'Italien G, Criqui MH, et al. Association of the metabolic syndrome with history of myocardial infarction and stroke in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Circulation. 2004;109:42–46
  10. Esposito K, Marfella R, Ciotola M, et al. Effect of a Mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2004;292:1440–1446
  11. Scuteri A, Najjar SS, Muller DC, et al. Metabolic syndrome amplifies the age-associated increases in vascular thickness and stiffness. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1388–1395
  12. Wong ND, Sciammarella MG, Polk D, et al. The metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and subclinical atherosclerosis assessed by coronary calcium. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:1547–1553
  13. Bhatt DL, Topol EJ. Need to test the arterial inflammation hypothesis. Circulation. 2002;106:136–140
  14. Mills R, Bhatt DL. The yin and yang of arterial inflammation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:50–52
  15. National Cholesterol Education Program . Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486–2497
  16. Haffner SM, Greenberg AS, Weston WM, et al. Effect of rosiglitazone treatment on nontraditional markers of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2002;106:679–684
  17. Sidhu JS, Kaposzta Z, Markus HS, et al. Effect of rosiglitazone on common carotid intima-media thickness progression in coronary artery disease patients without diabetes mellitus. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24:930–934
  18. Nakamura T, Matsuda T, Kawagoe Y, et al. Effect of pioglitazone on carotid intima-media thickness and arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetic nephropathy patients. Metabolism. 2004;53:1382–1386
  19. Koshiyama H, Shimono D, Kuwamura N, et al. Rapid communication: inhibitory effect of pioglitazone on carotid arterial wall thickness in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:3452–3456
  20. Phillips JW, Barringhaus KG, Sanders JM, et al. Rosiglitazone reduces the accelerated neointima formation after arterial injury in a mouse injury model of type 2 diabetes. Circulation. 2003;108:1994–1999
  21. Xiang AH, Peters RK, Kjos SL, et al. Effect of thiazolidinedione treatment on progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in premenopausal women at high risk for type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:1986–1991
  22. Karha J, Bhatt DL. Plaque regression—a new target for antiatherosclerotic therapy. Am Heart J. 2005;149:384–387
  23. Gerstein HC, Yusuf S, Holman R, et al. Rationale, design and recruitment characteristics of a large, simple international trial of diabetes prevention: the DREAM trial. Diabetologia. 2004;47:1519–1527
  24. Gerstein HC, Yusuf S, Bosch J, et al. Effect of rosiglitazone on the frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;368:1096–1105
  25. Pfutzner A, Marx N, Lubben G, et al. Improvement of cardiovascular risk markers by pioglitazone is independent from glycemic control: results from the pioneer study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1925–1931
  26. Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ, et al. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:1279–1289
  27. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Cook NR, et al. C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular events: an 8-year follow-up of 14 719 initially healthy American women. Circulation. 2003;107:391–397
  28. Goldberg RB. Impact of thiazolidenediones on serum lipoprotein levels. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2006;8:397–404
  29. Ford ES, Giles WH, Mokdad AH. Increasing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among U.S. Adults. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2444–2449
  30. McNeill AM, Rosamond WD, Girman CJ, et al. The metabolic syndrome and 11-year risk of incident cardiovascular disease in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:385–390
  31. Orchard TJ, Temprosa M, Goldberg R, et al. The effect of metformin and intensive lifestyle intervention on the metabolic syndrome: the Diabetes Prevention Program randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:611–619
  32. Fredenrich A, Grimaldi PA. PPAR delta: an uncompletely known nuclear receptor. Diabetes Metab. 2005;31:23–27
  33. Nissen SE, Wolski K, Topol EJ. Effect of muraglitazar on death and major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 2005;294:2581–2586
  34. Sola S, Mir MQ, Cheema FA, et al. Irbesartan and lipoic acid improve endothelial function and reduce markers of inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: results of the Irbesartan and Lipoic Acid in Endothelial Dysfunction (ISLAND) study. Circulation. 2005;111:343–348
  35. Kurtz TW, Pravenec M. Antidiabetic mechanisms of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists: beyond the renin-angiotensin system. J Hypertens. 2004;22:2253–2261
  36. Van L, Gaal F, Rissanen AM, et al. Effects of the cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker rimonabant on weight reduction and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight patients: 1-year experience from the RIO-Europe study. Lancet. 2005;365:1389–1397
  37. Hamid YH, Rose CS, Urhammer SA, et al. Variations of the interleukin-6 promoter are associated with features of the metabolic syndrome in Caucasian Danes. Diabetologia. 2005;48:251–260
  38. Ohashi K, Ouchi N, Kihara S, et al. Adiponectin I164T mutation is associated with the metabolic syndrome and coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1195–1200
  39. Savage DB, Tan GD, Acerini CL, et al. Human metabolic syndrome resulting from dominant-negative mutations in the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. Diabetes. 2003;52:910–917
  40. Hegele RA. Lessons from human mutations in PPARgamma. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2005;29(Suppl 1):S31–S35

 This study was funded by GlaxoSmithKline.

PII: S0002-8703(07)00253-0

doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.03.029

American Heart Journal
Volume 154, Issue 1 , Pages 137-143 , July 2007

Article Tools