American Heart Journal
Volume 151, Issue 3 , Pages 556-563 , March 2006

Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease: Risk reduction with statin therapy

  • Robert S. Rosenson, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Robert S. Rosenson, MD, Preventive Cardiology Center, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine, 201 E Huron Street, Galter Pavillion, Suite 11-120, Chicago, IL 60611.

Received 22 December 2004 ,Accepted 26 March 2005.

References 

  1. Naghavi M, Libby P, Falk E, et al. From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient: a call for new definitions and risk assessment strategies: Part I. Circulation. 2003;108:1664–1672
  2. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults . Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486–2497
  3. Kannel WB. Range of serum cholesterol values in the population developing coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:69C–77C
  4. Genest JJ, McNamara JR, Salem DN, et al. Prevalence of risk factors in men with premature coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1991;67:1185–1189
  5. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, et al. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:410–418
  6. Gotto AM, Brinton EA. Assessing low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol as a risk factor in coronary heart disease: a working group report and update. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:717–724
  7. Jones PH, Davidson MH, Stein EA, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin across doses (STELLAR* Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2003;92:152–160
  8. In:  Betteridge DJ,  Morrell JM editor. Clinician's guide to lipids and coronary heart disease. London (UK): Arnold; 1999;
  9. Libby P. Managing the risk of atherosclerosis: the role of high-density lipoprotein. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88:3N–8N
  10. Castro GR, Fielding CJ. Early incorporation of cell-derived cholesterol into pre–β-migrating high-density lipoprotein. Biochemistry. 1988;27:25–29
  11. Rosenson RS, Otvos JD, Freedman DS. Relations of lipoprotein subclass levels and low-density lipoprotein size to progression of coronary artery disease in the Pravastatin Limitation of Atherosclerosis in the Coronary Arteries (PLAC-I) trial. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:89–94
  12. Barzilai N, Atzmon G, Schechter C, et al. Unique lipoprotein phenotype and genotype associated with exceptional longevity. JAMA. 2003;290:2030–2040
  13. Otvos JD, Jeyarajah EJ, Cromwell WC. Measurement issues related to lipoprotein heterogeneity. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:22i–29i
  14. Oram JF, Lawn RM. ABCA1. The gatekeeper for eliminating excess tissue cholesterol. J Lipid Res. 2001;42:1173–1179
  15. Acton S, Rigotti A, Landschulz KT, et al. Identification of scavenger receptor SR-BI as a high density lipoprotein receptor. Science. 1996;271:518–520
  16. Calabresi L, Gomaraschi M, Franceschini G. Endothelial protection by high-density lipoproteins: from bench to bedside. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23:1724–1731
  17. Rosenson RS. Statins in atherosclerosis: lipid-lowering agents with antioxidant capabilities. Atherosclerosis. 2004;173:1–12
  18. Bisoendial RJ, Hovingh GK, Levels JH, et al. Restoration of endothelial function by increasing high-density lipoprotein in subjects with isolated low high-density lipoprotein. Circulation. 2003;107:2944–2948
  19. Kimura T, Sato K, Malchinkhuu E, et al. High-density lipoprotein stimulates endothelial cell migration and survival through sphingosine 1-phosphate and its receptors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23:1283–1288
  20. Navab M, Hama SY, Anantharamaiah GM, et al. Normal high density lipoprotein inhibits three steps in the formation of mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein: steps 2 and 3. J Lipid Res. 2000;41:1495–1508
  21. Navab M, Hama SY, Cooke CJ, et al. Normal high density lipoprotein inhibits three steps in the formation of mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein: step 1. J Lipid Res. 2000;41:1481–1494
  22. Uittenbogaard A, Shaul PW, Yuhanna IS, et al. High density lipoprotein prevents oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced inhibition of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase localization and activation in caveolae. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:11278–11283
  23. Kontush A, Chantepie S, Chapman MJ. Small, dense HDL particles exert potent protection of atherogenic LDL against oxidative stress. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23:1881–1888
  24. Xia P, Vadas MA, Rye KA, et al. High density lipoproteins (HDL) interrupt the sphingosine kinase signaling pathway. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:33143–33147
  25. Barter PJ, Baker PW, Rye KA. Effect of high-density lipoproteins on the expression of adhesion molecules in endothelial cells. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2002;13:285–288
  26. Navab M, Imes SS, Hama SY, et al. Monocyte transmigration induced by modification of low density lipoprotein in cocultures of human aortic wall cells is due to induction of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 synthesis and is abolished by high density lipoprotein. J Clin Invest. 1991;88:2039–2046
  27. Pirich C, Efthimiou Y, O'Grady J, et al. Hyperalphalipoproteinemia and prostaglandin I2 stability. Thromb Res. 1997;88:41–49
  28. Epand RM, Stafford A, Leon B, et al. HDL and apolipoprotein A-I protect erythrocytes against the generation of procoagulant activity. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994;14:1775–1783
  29. Gordon DJ, Probstfield JL, Garrison RJ, et al. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studies. Circulation. 1989;79:8–15
  30. Jacobs DR, Mebane IL, Bangdiwala SI, et al. High density lipoprotein cholesterol as a predictor of cardiovascular disease mortality in men and women: the follow-up study of the Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1990;131:32–47
  31. Assmann G, Schulte H. Relation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides to incidence of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (the PROCAM experience). Prospective Cardiovascular Munster study. Am J Cardiol. 1992;70:733–737
  32. Gordon DJ. HDL and CHD — an epidemiological perspective. J Drug Dev. 1990;3(Suppl. 1):11–17
  33. Lamarche B, Despres JP, Moorjani S, et al. Triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol as risk factors for ischemic heart disease. Results from the Quebec cardiovascular study. Atherosclerosis. 1996;119:235–245
  34. Pekkanen J, Linn S, Heiss G, et al. Ten-year mortality from cardiovascular disease in relation to cholesterol level among men with and without pre-existing cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1700–1707
  35. Vega GL, Grundy SM. Hypoalphalipoproteinemia (low high density lipoprotein) as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1996;7:209–216
  36. Blake GJ, Otvos JD, Rifai N, et al. Low-density lipoprotein particle concentration and size as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as predictors of cardiovascular disease in women. Circulation. 2002;106:1930–1937
  37. Lamarche B, Tchernof A, Moorjani S, et al. Small, dense low-density lipoprotein particles as a predictor of the risk of ischemic heart disease in men. Prospective results from the Quebec Cardiovascular Study. Circulation. 1997;95:69–75
  38. Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:683–689
  39. Ballantyne CM, Olsson AG, Cook TJ, et al. Influence of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and elevated triglyceride on coronary heart disease events and response to simvastatin therapy in 4S. Circulation. 2001;104:3046–3051
  40. Nissen SE, Tsunoda T, Tuzcu EM, et al. Effect of recombinant ApoA-I milano on coronary atherosclerosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;290:2292–2300
  41. Franceschini G, Sirtori CR, Capurso A, et al. A-IMilano apoprotein. Decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels with significant lipoprotein modifications and without clinical atherosclerosis in an Italian family. J Clin Invest. 1980;66:892–900
  42. Shah PK, Yano J, Reyes O, et al. High-dose recombinant apolipoprotein A-I(milano) mobilizes tissue cholesterol and rapidly reduces plaque lipid and macrophage content in apolipoprotein e–deficient mice. Potential implications for acute plaque stabilization. Circulation. 2001;103:3047–3050
  43. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA. 1998;280:605–613
  44. Schaefer JR, Schweer H, Ikewaki K, et al. Metabolic basis of high density lipoproteins and apolipoprotein A-I increase by HMG-CoA reductase inhibition in healthy subjects and a patient with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 1999;144:177–184
  45. Asztalos BF, Horvath KV, McNamara JR, et al. Comparing the effects of five different statins on the HDL subpopulation profiles of coronary heart disease patients. Atherosclerosis. 2002;164:361–369
  46. Rashid S, Uffelman KD, Barrett PH, et al. Effect of atorvastatin on high-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein A-I production and clearance in the New Zealand white rabbit. Circulation. 2002;106:2955–2960
  47. The Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1349–1357
  48. Sacks FM, Moye LA, Davis BR, et al. Relationship between plasma LDL concentrations during treatment with pravastatin and recurrent coronary events in the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events trial. Circulation. 1998;97:1446–1452
  49. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. JAMA. 1998;279:1615–1622
  50. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1301–1307
  51. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:7–22
  52. Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB, et al. PROSPER study group. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:1623–1630
  53. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. Influence of pravastatin and plasma lipids on clinical events in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS). Circulation. 1998;97:1440–1445
  54. Simes RJ, Marschner IC, Hunt D, et al. Relationship between lipid levels and clinical outcomes in the Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease (LIPID) Trial: to what extent is the reduction in coronary events with pravastatin explained by on-study lipid levels?. Circulation. 2002;105:1162–1169
  55. Sacks FM. The relative role of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in coronary artery disease: evidence from large-scale statin and fibrate trials. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88:14N–18N
  56. Ballantyne CM, Herd JA, Ferlic LL, et al. Influence of low HDL on progression of coronary artery disease and response to fluvastatin therapy. Circulation. 1999;99:736–743
  57. Dean BB, Borenstein JE, Henning JM, et al. Can change in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels reduce cardiovascular risk?. Am Heart J. 2004;147:966–976
  58. Ansell BJ, Navab M, Hama S, et al. Inflammatory/anti-inflammatory properties of high-density lipoprotein distinguish patients from control subjects better than high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and are favorably affected by simvastatin treatment. Circulation. 2003;108:2751–2756
  59. Lahoz C, Pena R, Mostaza JM, et al. Apo A-I promoter polymorphism influences basal HDL-cholesterol and its response to pravastatin therapy. Atherosclerosis. 2003;168:289–295
  60. Carlquist JF, Muhlestein JB, Horne BD, et al. The cholesteryl ester transfer protein Taq1B gene polymorphism predicts clinical benefit of statin therapy in patients with significant coronary artery disease. Am Heart J. 2003;146:1007–1014
  61. Van Venrooij FV, Stolk RP, Banga J-D, et al. Common cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene polymorphisms and the effect of atorvastatin therapy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:1216–1223
  62. Kuivenhoven JA, Jukema JW, Zwinderman AH, et al. The role of a common variant of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene in the progression of coronary atherosclerosis. The Regression Growth Evaluation Statin Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:86–93
  63. Klerkx AH, de Grooth GJ, Zwinderman AH, et al. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein concentration is associated with progression of atherosclerosis and response to pravastatin in men with coronary artery disease (REGRESS). Eur J Clin Invest. 2004;34:21–28

PII: S0002-8703(05)00350-9

doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2005.03.049

American Heart Journal
Volume 151, Issue 3 , Pages 556-563 , March 2006