American Heart Journal
Volume 149, Issue 5 , Pages 795-803 , May 2005

Improving blood pressure control by tailored feedback to patients and clinicians

  • Hayden B. Bosworth, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Center for Health Services Research in Primary Care, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC
    • Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
    • Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprints not available from authors.
    • ,
  • Maren K. Olsen, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
    • ,
  • Eugene Z. Oddone, MD, MHS

      Affiliations

    • Center for Health Services Research in Primary Care, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC
    • Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC

Received 25 January 2005 ,Accepted 25 January 2005.

References 

  1. Stamler J, Stamler R, Neaton JD. Blood pressure, systolic and diastolic, and cardiovascular risks: US population data. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:598–615
  2. Perry HM, Roccella EJ. Conference report on stroke mortality in the southeastern United States. Hypertension. 1998;31:1206–1215
  3. Kannel WB. Blood pressure as a cardiovascular risk factor: prevention and treatment. JAMA. 1996;275:1571–1576
  4. Amery A, Birkenhager W, Brixko P, et al. Mortality and morbidity results from the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly Trial. Lancet. 1985;1:1349–1354
  5. Staessen J, Fagard R, Van Hoof R, et al. Antihypertensive drug treatment in elderly hypertensive subjects: evidence of protection. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1988;12:S33–S39
  6. Tuck ML. Clinical care of the aging hypertensive patient. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1988;12:S40–S50
  7. Fields LE, Burt VL, Cutler JA, et al. The burden of adult hypertension in the United States 1999 to 2000: a rising tide. Hypertension. 2004;44:398–404
  8. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group report on hypertension in the elderly. Hypertension. 1994;23:275–285
  9. Burt VL, Whelton P, Roccella EJ, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in the US adult population. Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1991. Hypertension. 1995;25:305–313
  10. Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI). Bethesda (Md): US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health; 1997;
  11. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Fact book fiscal year 1996. Bethesda (Md): US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health; 1997;
  12. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289:2560–2572
  13. ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA. 2002;288:2981–2997
  14. Weiler PG, Camel GH, Chiappini M, et al. Systolic Hypertension of the Elderly Program (SHEP). Part 9: behavioral characteristics. Hypertension. 1991;17(3 Suppl.):II152–II161
  15. Gueyffier F, Froment A, Gouton M. New meta-analysis of treatment trials of hypertension: improving the estimate of therapeutic benefit. J Hum Hypertens. 1996;10:1–8
  16. Collins R, Peto R, MacMahon S, et al. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 2, Short-term reductions in blood pressure: overview of randomized drug trials in their epidemiological context. Lancet. 1990;335:827–838
  17. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension. Results in patients with diastolic blood pressure averaging 115 through 129 mm Hg. JAMA. 1967;202:1028–1034
  18. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension. II. Results in patients with diastolic blood pressure averaging 90 through 114 mm Hg. JAMA. 1970;213:1143–1152
  19. Psaty BM, Smith NL, Siscovick DS, et al. Health outcomes associated with antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents. A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 1997;277:739–745
  20. Lever AF, Ramsay LE. Treatment of hypertension in the elderly. J Hypertens. 1995;13:571–579
  21. Neal B, MacMahon S, Chapman N. Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure–lowering drugs: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomised trials. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Lancet. 2000;356:1955–1964
  22. Psaty BM, Lumley T, Furberg CD, et al. Health outcomes associated with various antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents: a network meta-analysis. JAMA. 2003;289:2534–2544
  23. He J, Whelton PK. Elevated systolic blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular and renal disease: overview of evidence from observational epidemiologic studies and randomized controlled trials. Am Heart J. 1999;138:211–219
  24. Mulrow C, Lau J, Cornell J, et al. Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;2:CD000028
  25. Hajjar I, Kotchen TA. Trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the United States, 1988-2000. JAMA. 2003;290:199–206
  26. National Center for Health Statistics. Healthy people 2000 final review. Hyattsville (Md): Public Health Services; 2001;
  27. Banegas JR, Segura J, Ruilope LM, et al. Blood pressure control and physician management of hypertension in hospital hypertension units in Spain. Hypertension. 2004;43:1338–1344
  28. Colhoun HM, Dong W, Poulter NR. Blood pressure screening, management and control in England: results from the health survey for England 1994. J Hypertens. 1998;16:747–752
  29. Gyarfas I. Control of hypertension in the population. Strategies in affluent and developing countries. Clin Exp Hypertens. 1996;18:387–397
  30. Chamontin B, Poggi L, Lang T, et al. Prevalence, treatment, and control of hypertension in the French population: data from a survey on high blood pressure in general practice, 1994. Am J Hypertens. 1998;11:759–762
  31. Faulhaber HD, Luft FC. Treatment of high blood pressure in Germany. Am J Hypertens. 1998;11:750–753
  32. Chockalingham A, Fodor JG. Treatment of raised blood pressure in the population: the Canadian experience. Am J Hypertens. 1998;11:747–749
  33. Banegas JR, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, de la Cruz Troca JJ, et al. Blood pressure in Spain: distribution, awareness, control, and benefits of a reduction in average pressure. Hypertension. 1998;32:998–1002
  34. Berlowitz DR, Ash AS, Hickey EC, et al. Inadequate management of blood pressure in a hypertensive population. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1957–1963
  35. Wolf-Maier K, Cooper RS, Kramer H, et al. Hypertension treatment and control in five European countries, Canada, and the United States. Hypertension. 2004;43:10–17
  36. Moser M, Miller NH, Jaffe M, et al. Roundtable discussion: hypertension and comorbidities. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2001;3:302-6, 312.
  37. Dunbar-Jacob J, Mortimer-Stephens MK. Treatment adherence in chronic disease. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001;54(Suppl. 1):S57–S60
  38. Boulware LE, Daumit GL, Frick KD, et al. An evidence-based review of patient-centered behavioral interventions for hypertension. Am J Prev Med. 2001;21:221–232
  39. Schroeder K, Fahey T, Ebrahim S. How can we improve adherence to blood pressure–lowering medication in ambulatory care? Systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:722–732
  40. Morisky DE, DeMuth NM, Field-Fass M, et al. Evaluation of family health education to build social support for long-term control of high blood pressure. Health Educ Q. 1985;12:35–50
  41. Steinman MA, Fischer MA, Shlipak MG, et al. Clinician awareness of adherence to hypertension guidelines. Am J Med. 2004;117:747–754
  42. Rudd P. Maximizing compliance with antihypertensive therapy. Drug Ther. 1992;22:25–32
  43. DiMatteo MR, Sherbourne CD, Hays RD, et al. Physicians' characteristics influence patients' adherence to medical treatment: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study. Health Psychol. 1993;12:93–102
  44. Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines, Division of Health Care Services, Institute of Medicine. In:  Field MJ,  Lohr KN editor. Guidelines for Clinical Practice: from Development to Use. Washington (DC): National Academy Press; 1992;
  45. Wennberg J, Gittelsohn A. Small area variations in health care delivery. Science. 1973;182:1102–1108
  46. Wennberg JE. Unwanted variations in the rules of practice. JAMA. 1991;265:1306–1307
  47. Wennberg JE. Dealing with medical practice variations: a proposal for action. Health Aff (Millwood). 1984;3:6–32
  48. Lomas J, Anderson GM, Domnick-Pierre K, et al. Do practice guidelines guide practice? The effect of a consensus statement on the practice of physicians. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:1306–1311
  49. Pathman DE, Konard TR, Freed GL, et al. The awareness-to-adherence model of the steps to clinical guideline compliance. The case of pediatric vaccine recommendations. Med Care. 1996;34:873–889
  50. McPhee SJ, Detmer WM. Office-based interventions to improve delivery of cancer prevention services by primary care physicians. Cancer. 1993;72(3 Suppl.):1100–1112
  51. Phillips LS, Branch WT, Cook CB, et al. Clinical inertia. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135:825–834
  52. O'Connor PJ. Overcome clinical inertia to control systolic blood pressure. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:2677–2678
  53. Oxman AD, Thomson MA, Davis DA, et al. No magic bullets: a systematic review of 102 trials of interventions to improve professional practice. CMAJ. 1995;153:1423–1431
  54. Bero LA, Grilli R, Grimshaw JM, et al. Closing the gap between research and practice: an overview of systematic reviews of interventions to promote the implementation of research findings. The Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care Review Group. BMJ. 1998;317:465–468
  55. Soumerai SB, McLaughlin TJ, Gurwitz JH, et al. Effect of local medical opinion leaders on quality of care for acute myocardial infarction: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1998;279:1358–1363
  56. Frazier LM, Brown JT, Divine GW, et al. Can physician education lower the cost of prescription drugs? A prospective, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115:116–121
  57. Balas EA, Boren SA, Brown GD, et al. Effect of physician profiling on utilization. Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Gen Intern Med. 1996;11:584–590
  58. Austin SM, Balas EA, Mitchell JA, et al. Effect of physician reminders on preventive care: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care. 1994;121–124
  59. Shortliffe EH. Clinical decision-support systems. In:  Shortliffe EH,  Perreault E editor. Medical informatics: computer applications in health care. Reading (Mass): Addison-Wesley; 1990;p. 466–502
  60. Goldstein MK, Hoffman BB, Coleman RW, et al. Implementing clinical practice guidelines while taking account of changing evidence: ATHENA DSS, an easily modifiable decision-support system for managing hypertension in primary care. Proc AMIA Symp. 2000;300–304
  61. McDonald CJ. Protocol-based computer reminders, the quality of care and the non-perfectibility of man. N Engl J Med. 1976;295:1351–1355
  62. McDonald CJ, Hui SL, Tierney WM. Effects of computer reminders for influenza vaccination on morbidity during influenza epidemics. MD Comput. 1992;9:304–312
  63. Barnett GO, Winickoff RN. Quality assurance and computer-based patient records. Am J Public Health. 1990;80:527–528
  64. Evans RS, Classen DC, Pestotnik SL, et al. Improving empiric antibiotic selection using computer decision support. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:878–884
  65. Safran C, Rind DM, Davis RB, et al. A clinical trial of a knowledge-based medical record. Medinfo. 1995;8:1076–1080
  66. McPhee SJ, Bird JA. Implementation of cancer prevention guidelines in clinical practice. J Gen Intern Med. 1990;5(5 Suppl.):S116–S122
  67. Goldstein MK, Hoffman BB, Lavori P, et al. Implementing hypertension guidelines: randomized trial of general versus patient-specific recommendations. [abstract] Med Decis Making. 2000;20:488
  68. Goldstein MK, Coleman RW, Tu SW, et al. Translating research into practice: organizational issues in implementing automated decision support for hypertension in three medical centers. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2004;11:368–376
  69. Barnett GO, Winickoff R, Dorsey JL, et al. Quality assurance through automated monitoring and concurrent feedback using a computer-based medical information system. Med Care. 1978;16:962–970
  70. Manolio TA, Cutler JA, Furberg CD, et al. Trends in pharmacologic management of hypertension in the United States. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:829–837
  71. Bosworth HB. Medication adherence. In: Bosworth HB, Oddone EZ, Weinberger M, editors. Patient treatment adherence: concepts, interventions, and measurement. Mahwah (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum; in press.
  72. Moser M. World Health Organization–International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension—do these differ from the U.S. recommendations? Which guidelines should the practicing physician follow?. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 1999;1:48–54
  73. Dunbar-Jacob J, Burkem LE, Pucyynski S. Clinical assessment and management of adherence to medical regimens. In:  Nicassio P,  Smith T editor. Managing Chronic Illness: a biopsychosocial perspective. Washington (DC): American Psychological Association; 1995;p. 313–349
  74. Esposti LD, Di Martino M, Saragoni S, et al. Pharmacoeconomics of antihypertensive drug treatment: an analysis of how long patients remain on various antihypertensive therapies. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2004;6:76–84
  75. Degli Esposti L, Degli Esposti E, Valpiani G, et al. A retrospective, population-based analysis of persistence with antihypertensive drug therapy in primary care practice in Italy. Clin Ther. 2002;24:1347–1357
  76. Juncos LI. Patient compliance and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1990;15(Suppl. 3):S22–S25
  77. Degli Esposti E, Sturani A, Di Martino M, et al. Long-term persistence with antihypertensive drugs in new patients. J Hum Hypertens. 2002;16:439–444
  78. Clark LT. Improving compliance and increasing control of hypertension: needs of special hypertensive populations. Am Heart J. 1991;121:664–669
  79. Dunbar-Jacob J, Dwyer K, Dunning EJ. Compliance with antihypertensive regimen: a review of the research in the 1980s. Ann Behav Med. 1991;13:31–39
  80. Luscher TF, Vetter W. Adherence to medication. J Hum Hypertens. 1990;4(Suppl. 1):43–46
  81. Eraker SA, Kirscht JP, Becker MH. Understanding and improving patient compliance. Ann Intern Med. 1984;100:258–268
  82. Bosworth HB, Oddone EZ. A model of psychosocial and cultural antecedents of blood pressure control. J Natl Med Assoc. 2002;94:236–248
  83. Becker MH, Maiman LA. Sociobehavioral determinants of compliance with health and medical care recommendations. Med Care. 1975;13:10–24
  84. Rosenstock IM. Enhancing patient compliance with health recommendations. J Pediatr Health Care. 1988;2:67–72
  85. Park D, Willis SL, Morrow D, et al. Cognitive function and medication usage in older adults. J Appl Gerontol. 1994;13:39–57
  86. Park D, Kidder DP. Prospective memory and medication adherence. In:  Brandimonte M,  Einstein GO,  McDaniel MA editor. Prospective Memory Theory and Application. Hillsdale (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum; 1996;p. 369–390
  87. Bosworth H, Schaie KW. Medication knowledge and health status in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, November, Los Angeles, CA; 1995.
  88. Ley P. Memory for medical information. Br J Soc Clin Psychol. 1979;18:245–255
  89. Rost K, Roter D. Predictors of recall of medication regimens and recommendations for lifestyle change in elderly patients. Gerontologist. 1987;27:510–515
  90. Salthouse T. Theoretical perspectives in cognitive aging. Hillsdale (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum; 1991;
  91. Ad Hoc Committee on Health Literacy for the Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association. Health literacy: report of the Council on Scientific Affairs. JAMA. 1999;281:552–557
  92. Baker DW, Parker RM, Williams MV, et al. The relationship of patient reading ability to self-reported health and use of health services. Am J Public Health. 1997;87:1027–1030
  93. Kim SP, Knight SJ, Tomori C, et al. Health literacy and shared decision making for prostate cancer patients with low socioeconomic status. Cancer Invest. 2001;19:684–691
  94. Kalichman SC, Ramachandran B, Catz S. Adherence to combination antiretroviral therapies in HIV patients of low health literacy. J Gen Intern Med. 1999;14:267–273
  95. Weiss BD, Blanchard JS, McGee DL, et al. Illiteracy among Medicaid recipients and its relationship to health care costs. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 1994;5:99–111
  96. Williams MV, Baker DW, Honig EG, et al. Inadequate literacy is a barrier to asthma knowledge and self-care. Chest. 1998;114:1008–1015
  97. Williams MV, Baker DW, Parker RM, et al. Relationship of functional health literacy to patients' knowledge of their chronic disease. A study of patients with hypertension and diabetes. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:166–172
  98. Kalichman SC, Rompa D. Functional health literacy is associated with health status and health-related knowledge in people living with HIV-AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2000;25:337–344
  99. Parker RM, Baker DW, Williams MV, et al. The test of functional health literacy in adults: a new instrument for measuring patients' literacy skills. J Gen Intern Med. 1995;10:537–541
  100. Barefoot JC, Helms MJ, Mark DB, et al. Depression and long-term mortality risk in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1996;78:613–617
  101. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Talajic M. Depression following myocardial infarction. Impact on 6-month survival. JAMA. 1993;270:1819–1825
  102. DiMatteo M, Hays R, Gritz E, et al. Patient adherence to cancer control regimens: scale development and initial validation. Psychol Assess. 1993;5:102–112
  103. Gonzalez J, Williams Jr JW. The effects of clinical depression and depressive symptoms on treatment adherence. In: Bosworth HB, Oddone EZ, Weinberger M, editors. Patient treatment adherence: concepts, interventions, and measurement. Mahwah (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum; in press.
  104. Trevino DB, Young EH, Groff J, et al. The association between marital adjustment and compliance with antihypertension regimens. J Am Board Fam Pract. 1990;3:17–25
  105. Nelson EC, Stason WB, Neutra RR, et al. Identification of the noncompliant hypertensive patient. Prev Med. 1980;9:504–517
  106. Stanton AL. Determinants of adherence to medical regimens by hypertensive patients. J Behav Med. 1987;10:377–394
  107. Nagy VT, Wolfe GR. Cognitive predictors of compliance in chronic disease patients. Med Care. 1984;22:912–921
  108. Bone LR, Levine DM, Parry RE, et al. Update on the factors associated with high blood pressure compliance. Md State Med J. 1984;33:201–204
  109. Garay-Sevilla ME, Nava LE, Malacara JM, et al. Adherence to treatment and social support in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J. Diabetes Complications. 1995;9:81–86
  110. Armstrong D, Glanville T, Bailey E, et al. Doctor-initiated consultations: a study of communication between general practitioners and patients about the need for reattendance. Br J Gen Pract. 1990;40:241–242
  111. Hall JA, Roter DL, Katz NR. Meta-analysis of correlates of provider behavior in medical encounters. Med Care. 1988;26:657–675
  112. Joos SK, Hickam DH, Gordon GH, et al. Effects of a physician communication intervention on patient care outcomes. J Gen Intern Med. 1996;11:147–155
  113. Kaplan SH, Greenfield S, Ware JE. Assessing the effects of physician-patient interactions on the outcomes of chronic disease. Med Care. 1989;27(3 Suppl.):S110–S127
  114. Greenfield S, Kaplan SH, Ware JE, et al. Patients' participation in medical care: effects on blood sugar control and quality of life in diabetes. J Gen Intern Med. 1988;3:448–457
  115. Thom DH, Campbell B. Patient and physician trust: an exploratory study. J Fam Pract. 1997;44:169–176
  116. Rost KM, Flavin KS, Cole K, et al. Change in metabolic control and functional status after hospitalization. Impact of patient activation intervention in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 1991;14:881–889
  117. Orth JE, Stiles WB, Scherwitz L, et al. Patient exposition and provider explanation in routine interviews and hypertensive patients' blood pressure control. Health Psychol. 1987;6:29–42
  118. Roberts SJ, Krouse HJ. Enhancing self care through active negotiation. Nurse Pract. 1988;13:44–52
  119. Johnson KA, Partsch DJ, Rippole LL, et al. Reliability of self-reported blood pressure measurements. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:2689–2693
  120. Wilkinson PR, Raftery EB. Patients' attitudes to measuring their own blood pressure. BMJ. 1978;1:824
  121. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. Statement on blood pressure measuring devices used by consumers. Bethesda (Md): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; 1980;
  122. Hunt JC, Frohlich ED, Moser M, et al. Devices used for self-measurement of blood pressure. Revised statement of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program. Arch Intern Med. 1985;145:2231–2234
  123. Chatellier G, Dutrey-Dupagne C, Vaur L, et al. Home self blood pressure measurement in general practice. The SMART study. Self-measurement for the Assessment of the Response to Trandolapril. Am J Hypertens. 1996;9:644–652
  124. Soghikian K, Casper SM, Fireman BH, et al. Home blood pressure monitoring. Effect on use of medical services and medical care costs. Med Care. 1992;30:855–865
  125. Rogers MA, Small D, Buchan DA, et al. Home monitoring service improves mean arterial pressure in patients with essential hypertension: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134:1024–1032
  126. Cappuccio FP, Kerry SM, Forbes L, et al. Blood pressure control by home monitoring: meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 2004;329:145
  127. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:977–986
  128. Cowie RL, Revitt SG, Underwood MF, et al. The effect of a peak-flow based action plan in the prevention of exacerbations of asthma. Chest. 1997;112:1534–1538
  129. Ignacio-Garcia JM, Gonzalez-Santos P. Asthma self-management education program by home monitoring of peak expiratory flow. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151:353–359
  130. Nessman DG, Carnahan JE, Nugent CA. Increasing compliance. Patient-operated hypertension groups. Arch Intern Med. 1980;140:1427–1430
  131. Johnson AL, Taylor DW, Sackett DL, et al. Self-recording of blood pressure in the management of hypertension. CMAJ. 1978;119:1034–1039
  132. Edmonds D, Foerster E, Groth H, et al. Does self-measurement of blood pressure improve patient compliance in hypertension?. J Hypertens Suppl. 1985;3:S31–S34
  133. Friedman RH, Kazis LE, Jette A, et al. A telecommunications system for monitoring and counseling patients with hypertension. Impact on medication adherence and blood pressure control. Am J Hypertens. 1996;9:285–292
  134. Campbell NR, Bass M, Chockalingam A, et al. Self-measurement of blood pressure: benefits, risks and interpretation of readings. The Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control. Can J Cardiol. 1995;11(Suppl. H):18H–22H
  135. Asmar R. Proceedings from the first international consensus conference on self-blood pressure measurement. Blood Press Monit. 2000;5:91–92
  136. Stahl SM, Kelley CR, Neill PJ, et al. Effects of home blood pressure measurement on long-term BP control. Am J Public Health. 1984;74:704–709
  137. Kleinert HD, Harshfield GA, Pickering TG, et al. What is the value of home blood pressure measurement in patients with mild hypertension?. Hypertension. 1984;6:574–578
  138. Julius S, Mejia A, Jones K, et al. “White coat” versus “sustained” borderline hypertension in Tecumseh, Michigan. Hypertension. 1990;16:617–623
  139. Campbell NR, Abbott D, Bass M, et al. Self-measurement of blood pressure: recommendations of the Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control. Can J Cardiol. 1995;11(Suppl. H):5H–17H
  140. Pickering T. Recommendations for the use of home (self) and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. American Society of Hypertension Ad Hoc Panel. Am J Hypertens. 1996;9:1–11
  141. Appel LJ, Stason WB. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and blood pressure self-measurement in the diagnosis and management of hypertension. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118:867–882
  142. The Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The fifth report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC V). Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:154–183
  143. Staessen JA, Den Hond E, Celis H, et al. Antihypertensive treatment based on blood pressure measurement at home or in the physician's office: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291:955–964
  144. Mehos BM, Saseen JJ, MacLaughlin EJ. Effect of pharmacist intervention and initiation of home blood pressure monitoring in patients with uncontrolled hypertension. Pharmacotherapy. 2000;20:1384–1389
  145. Zarnke KB, Feagan BG, Mahon JL, et al. A randomized study comparing a patient-directed hypertension management strategy with usual office-based care. Am J Hypertens. 1997;10:58–67
  146. Parati G, Omboni S, Mancia G. Difference between office and ambulatory blood pressure and response to antihypertensive treatment. J Hypertens. 1996;14:791–797
  147. Imai Y, Ohkubo T, Hozawa A, et al. Usefulness of home blood pressure measurements in assessing the effect of treatment in a single-blind placebo-controlled open trial. J Hypertens. 2001;19:179–185
  148. Cox KL, Puddey IB, Burke V, et al. Determinants of change in blood pressure during S.W.E.A.T.: the sedentary women exercise adherence trial. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1996;23:567–569
  149. Miller NH, Hill M, Kottke T, et al. The multilevel compliance challenge: recommendations for a call to action. A statement for healthcare professionals. Circulation. 1997;95:1085–1090
  150. Berwick DM. Continuous improvement as an ideal in health care. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:53–56

 This research is supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Health Services Research and Development Service, Washington, DC; Investigator-initiated research grant 20-034; and grant R01 HL070713 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md.

 The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Veterans Affairs.

PII: S0002-8703(05)00110-9

doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2005.01.039

American Heart Journal
Volume 149, Issue 5 , Pages 795-803 , May 2005

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution