American Heart Journal
Volume 150, Issue 4 , Pages 620-626 , October 2005

Erectile dysfunction: The need to be evaluated, the right to be treated

  • Hemant Solomon, BSc(Hons), MRCP

      Affiliations

    • Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minn
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Hemant Solomon, BSc(Hons), MRCP, Department of Internal Medicine, Siebens Building, 640, Mayo Clinic Rochester, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905.
  • ,
  • Robert F. DeBusk, MD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, Calif
  • ,
  • Graham Jackson, MD, FRCP

      Affiliations

    • Department of Cardiology, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, England

Received 12 June 2003 ,Accepted 22 November 2004.

References 

  1. Feldman HA, Goldstein I, Hatzichristou DG, et al. Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Urol. 1994;151:54–61
  2. Solomon H, Man J, Gill J, et al. Viagra on the internet: unsafe sexual practice. Int J Clin Pract. 2002;56:403–404
  3. McKinlay J. The worldwide prevalence and epidemiology of erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res. 2000;12(Suppl. 4):S6–S11
  4. Solomon H, Man J, Wierzbicki AS, et al. Erectile dysfunction: cardiovascular risk and the role of the cardiologist. Int J Clin Pract. 2003;57:96–99
  5. O'Kane PD, Jackson G. Erectile dysfunction: is there silent obstructive coronary artery disease?. Int J Clin Pract. 2001;55:219–220
  6. DeBusk R, Drory Y, Goldstein I, et al. Management of sexual dysfunction in patients with cardiovascular disease: recommendations of The Princeton Consensus Panel. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86:175–181
  7. Ayta IA, McKinlay JB, Krane RJ. The likely worldwide increase in erectile dysfunction between 1995 and 2025 and some possible policy consequences. BJU Int. 1999;84:50–56
  8. Chew KK, Earle CM, Stuckey BG, et al. Erectile dysfunction in general medicine practice: prevalence and clinical correlates. Int J Impot Res. 2000;12:41–45
  9. Moreira ED, Abdo CH, Torres EB, et al. Prevalence and correlates of erectile dysfunction: results of the Brazilian study of sexual behavior. Urology. 2001;58:583–588
  10. Billups KFS. Assessment of fasting lipid panels and Doppler ultrasound testing in men presenting with erectile dysfunction and no other problems. In: Annual meeting of the American Urology Association, Atlanta, USA. 2000;
  11. Wei M, Macera CA, Davis DR, et al. Total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol as important predictors of erectile dysfunction. Am J Epidemiol. 1994;140:930–937
  12. Lue TF. Erectile dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1802–1813
  13. Azadzoi KM, Goldstein I, Siroky MB, et al. Mechanisms of ischemia-induced cavernosal smooth muscle relaxation impairment in a rabbit model of vasculogenic erectile dysfunction. J Urol. 1998;160:2216–2222
  14. Sullivan ME, Thompson CS, Dashwood MR, et al. Nitric oxide and penile erection: is erectile dysfunction another manifestation of vascular disease?. Cardiovasc Res. 1999;43:658–665
  15. Saenz de Tejada I, Goldstein I, Azadzoi K, et al. Impaired neurogenic and endothelium-mediated relaxation of penile smooth muscle from diabetic men with impotence. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:1025–1030
  16. Behr-Roussel D, Chamiot-Clerc P, Bernabe J, et al. Erectile dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats: pathophysiological mechanisms. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2002;682–688
  17. Xie Y, Garban H, Ng C, et al. Effect of long-term passive smoking on erectile function and penile nitric oxide synthase in the rat. J Urol. 1997;157:1121–1126
  18. Ledda ABG. Evaluation of penile microcirculation. In: Vascular andrology. Heidleberg: Springer-Verlag; 1996;p. 29–36
  19. De Angelis L, Marfella MA, Siniscalchi M, et al. Erectile and endothelial dysfunction in type II diabetes: a possible link. Diabetologia. 2001;44:1155–1160
  20. Pritzker M. The penile stress test: a window to the hearts of man?. Circulation. 2000;100:3751
  21. Kawanishi Y, Lee KS, Kimura K, et al. Screening of ischemic heart disease with cavernous artery blood flow in erectile dysfunctional patients. Int J Impot Res. 2001;13:100–103
  22. Solomon H, Man JW, Wierzbicki AS, et al. Relation of erectile dysfunction to angiographic coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91:230–231
  23. Gensini GG. A more meaningful scoring system for determining the severity of coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 1983;51:606
  24. Greenstein A, Chen J, Miller H, et al. Does severity of ischemic coronary disease correlate with erectile function?. Int J Impot Res. 1997;9:123–126
  25. Solomon HMJ, Martin E, Jackson G. Erectile dysfunction is a marker of asymptomatic peripheral vascular disease. Int J Impot Res. 2002;14:S20
  26. NIH Consensus Conference. Impotence. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Impotence. JAMA. 1993;270:83–90
  27. Willke RJ, Glick HA, McCarron TJ, et al. Quality of life effects of alprostadil therapy for erectile dysfunction. J Urol. 1997;157:2124–2128
  28. Shabsigh R, Klein LT, Seidman S, et al. Increased incidence of depressive symptoms in men with erectile dysfunction. Urology. 1998;52:848–852
  29. Pontin D, Porter T, McDonagh R. Investigating the effect of erectile dysfunction on the lives of men: a qualitative research study. J Clin Nurs. 2002;11:264–272
  30. Baldwin K, Ginsberg P, Harkaway RC. Under-reporting of erectile dysfunction among men with unrelated urologic conditions. Int J Impot Res. 2003;15:87–89
  31. Perttula E. Physician attitudes and behaviour regarding erectile dysfunction in atrisk patients from a rural community. Postgrad Med J. 1999;75:83–85
  32. Jackson G, Dean J, Eardley I, et al. A systematic approach to erectile dysfunction in the cardiovascular patient: a consensus statement—update 2002. Int J Clin Pract. 2002;56:1–9
  33. Muller JE. Sexual activity as a trigger for cardiovascular events: what is the risk?. Am J Cardiol. 1999;84:2N–5N
  34. Muller JE, Mittleman A, Maclure M, et al. Triggering myocardial infarction by sexual activity. Low absolute risk and prevention by regular physical exertion. Determinants of Myocardial Infarction Onset Study Investigators. JAMA. 1996;275:1405–1409
  35. Jackson G. Sexual intercourse and stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86:35F–37F
  36. Solomon HMJ, Wierzbicki AS, O'Brien T, et al. The value of routine cardiovascular assessment in the patients with erectile dysfunction. Circulation. 2002;106:II-749
  37. DeBusk RF, Pepine CJ, Glasser DB, et al. Efficacy and safety of sildenafil citrate in men with erectile dysfunction and stable coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2004;93:147–153
  38. Schachinger V, Britten MB, Zeiher AM. Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilator dysfunction on adverse long-term outcome of coronary heart disease. Circulation. 2000;101:1899–1906
  39. Shakir SA, Wilton LV, Boshier A, et al. Cardiovascular events in users of sildenafil: results from first phase of prescription event monitoring in England. BMJ. 2001;322:651–652
  40. Boshier A, Wilton LV, Shakir SA. Evaluation of the safety of sildenafil for male erectile dysfunction: experience gained in general practice use in England in 1999. BJU Int. 2004;93:796–801
  41. Arruda-Olson AM, Mahoney DW, Nehra A, et al. Cardiovascular effects of sildenafil during exercise in men with known or probable coronary artery disease: a randomized crossover trial. JAMA. 2002;287:719–725
  42. Halcox JP, Nour KR, Zalos G, et al. The effect of sildenafil on human vascular function, platelet activation, and myocardial ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:1232–1240
  43. Kloner RA. Novel phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors: assessing hemodynamic effects and safety parameters. Clin Cardiol. 2004;27(4 Suppl. 1):I20–I25
  44. Thadani U, Smith W, Nash S, et al. The effect of vardenafil, a potent and highly selective phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor for the treatment of erectile dysfunction, on the cardiovascular response to exercise in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:2006–2012
  45. Jackson G. A male cardiovascular sexual health clinic. Int J Clin Pract. 2002;56:631

PII: S0002-8703(04)00827-0

doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2004.11.009

American Heart Journal
Volume 150, Issue 4 , Pages 620-626 , October 2005