« Previous
Next »
American Heart Journal
Volume 147, Issue 2
, Pages 202-209
, February 2004
Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary artery disease: an ACES hypothesis but we need to PROVE IT
References
- . Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2002;105:1135–1143
- . Established risk factors and coronary artery disease (the Framingham Study). Am J Hypertens. 1994;7:7–12S
- . Evaluating novel cardiovascular risk factors (can we better predict heart attacks?). Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:933–937
- . Possible role of cytomegalovirus in atherogenesis. JAMA. 1990;263:2204–2207
- Carotid atherosclerosis measured by B-mode ultrasound in populations (associations with cardiovascular risk factors in the ARIC study). Am J Epidemiol. 1991;134:250–256
- A prospective study of cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1, and coronary heart disease (the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study). Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:2027–2032
- . Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in coronary artery disease (influence of H. pylori eradication on coronary artery lumen after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: the detection of H. pylori specific DNA in human coronary atherosclerotic plaque). J Physiol Pharmacol. 2001;52(1 Suppl):3–31
- Detection of Helicobacter pylori specific DNA in human atheromatous coronary arteries and its association to prior myocardial infarction and unstable angina. Dig Liver Dis. 2002;34:398–402
-
Influence of Helicobacter pylori infection during atherogenesis in vivo in mice.
Circ Res. 2002;90:E1–4
- Increased risk of atherosclerosis is confined to CagA-positive Helicobacter pylori strains (prospective results from the Bruneck study). Stroke. 2003;34:610–615
- . Multiple infections in carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Am Heart J. 1999;138:S534–536
- Microorganisms in the aetiology of atherosclerosis. J Clin Pathol. 2000;53:647–654
- Serological evidence of an association of a novel Chlamydia, TWAR, with chronic coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1988;2:983–986
- Identification of a new group of Chlamydia psittaci strains called TWAR. J Clin Microbiol. 1986;24:1034–1037
- Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR). Clin Microbiol Rev. 1995;8:451–461
- Chlamydial heat shock protein 60 localizes in human atheroma and regulates macrophage tumor necrosis factor-alpha and matrix metalloproteinase expression. Circulation. 1998;98:300–307
- Standardizing Chlamydia pneumoniae assays (recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA) and the Laboratory Centre for Disease Control (Canada)). Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:492–503
- High prevalence of antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae; determinants of IgG and IgA seropositivity among Jerusalem residents. Epidemiol Infect. 1995;114:465–473
- Chlamydia pneumoniae (risk factors for seropositivity and association with coronary heart disease). J Infect. 1995;30:121–128
- . Chlamydia pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1994;34:859–873
- Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in the Helsinki Heart Study. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116:273–278
- Chlamydia pneumoniae antibody titers are significantly associated with acute stroke and transient cerebral ischemia (the West Birmingham Stroke Project). Stroke. 1998;29:404–410
- Prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in Italian patients with acute ischaemic heart disease. Atherosclerosis. 2001;159:521–525
- . Identification of Chlamydia pneumoniae by DNA amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. J Clin Microbiol. 1992;30:796–800
- . Chronic infections and coronary heart disease (is there a link?). Lancet. 1997;350:430–436
- Chlamydia pneumoniae IgG titres and coronary heart disease (prospective study and meta-analysis). BMJ. 2000;321:208–213
- Chlamydia pneumoniae IgA titres and coronary heart disease; prospective study and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2002;23:371–375
- Meta-analysis of sero-epidemiologic studies of the relation between Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis (does study design influence results?). Am Heart J. 2003;145:409–417
- Chlamydia pneumoniae in atheroma (consideration of criteria for causality). J Clin Pathol. 1998;51:812–817
- . Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis (critical assessment of diagnostic methods and relevance to treatment studies). Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002;15:1–20
- Replication of Chlamydia pneumoniae in vitro in human macrophages, endothelial cells, and aortic artery smooth muscle cells. Infect Immun. 1996;64:1614–1620
- . Chlamydia pneumoniae detection in atherosclerotic plaques in Italy. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(Suppl 3):S444–446
-
Rapid detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of coronary artery disease patients by real-time fluorescence PCR.
J Med Assoc Thai. 2001;84(Suppl 3):S658–668
- Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA detection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is predictive of vascular infection. J Infect Dis. 1999;180:2074–2076
- . Isolation of Chlamydia pneumoniae from the coronary artery of a patient with coronary atherosclerosis (the Chlamydia pneumoniae/Atherosclerosis Study Group). Ann Intern Med. 1996;125:979–982
- Association of circulating Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA with cardiovascular disease (a systematic review). BMC Infect Dis. 2002;2:21
-
Association of serology with the endovascular presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae and cytomegalovirus in coronary artery and vein graft disease.
Circulation. 2000;101:137–141
- Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in non-coronary atherosclerotic plaques and circulating leukocytes. J Lab Clin Med. 2000;136:194–200
- Chlamydia pneumoniae infection induces inflammatory changes in the aortas of rabbits. Infect Immun. 1997;65:4832–4835
- Infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae accelerates the development of atherosclerosis and treatment with azithromycin prevents it in a rabbit model. Circulation. 1998;97:633–636
- Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection is associated with a serum lipid profile known to be a risk factor for atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17:2910–2913
- . Interaction of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection with other risk factors of atherosclerosis. Am Heart J. 1999;138:S504–506
- Cytokines regulate vascular functions related to stability of the atherosclerotic plaque. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1995;25(Suppl 2):S9–12
- Requirement for NF-kappaB in transcriptional activation of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 by Chlamydia pneumoniae in human endothelial cells. Infect Immun. 2000;68:4282–4288
-
Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells activates NF-kappaB and induces tissue factor and PAI-1 expression (a potential link to accelerated arteriosclerosis).
Circulation. 1999;100:1369–1373
- Chlamydia pneumoniae inhibits apoptosis in human epithelial and monocyte cell lines. Scand J Immunol. 2002;55:390–398
- Chlamydia pneumoniae infections prevent the programmed cell death on THP-1 cell line. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2002;215:69–74
- Increased fibrinogen levels are associated with persistent Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in unstable coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 1998;19:570–577
- Chlamydia species infect human vascular endothelial cells and induce procoagulant activity. J Investig Med. 1997;45:168–174
- . In vitro susceptibility and eradication of Chlamydia pneumoniae cardiovascular strains from coronary artery endothelium and smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2001;15:259–262
- Chlamydia pneumoniae eradication from carotid plaques (results of an open, randomised treatment study). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1999;18:355–359
- Randomized secondary prevention trial of azithromycin in patients with coronary artery disease and serological evidence for Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. The Azithromycin in Coronary Artery Disease (Elimination of Myocardial Infection with Chlamydia (ACADEMIC) study). Circulation. 1999;99:1540–1547
- . Chlamydia pneumoniae, monocyte activation, and azithromycin in coronary heart disease. Am Heart J. 1999;138:S539–541
-
Intervention with clarithromycin in patients with stable coronary heart disease (the CLARICOR Trial Design).
Heart Drug. 2001;1:14–19
- . Description and status of the azithromycin and coronary events study (ACES). J Infect Dis. 2000;181(3 Suppl):S579–581
- Elevated Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies, cardiovascular events, and azithromycin in male survivors of myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1997;96:404–407
-
Clinical trials 2002. WIZARD: Weekly Intervention with Zithromax for Atherosclerosis and its Related Disorders. Available at: http://wwww.cardiosource.com. Accessed December 10, 2003
-
Larsen MM, Moern B, Fuller A, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae and cardiovascular disease. Med J Austr 2002;177:558–62
- Treatment with the antibiotic roxithromycin in patients with acute non-Q-wave coronary syndromes (the final report of the ROXIS Study). Eur Heart J. 1999;20:121–127
-
Roxithromycin in prevention of acute coronary syndrome associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae infection (a randomized placebo controlled trial).
J Med Assoc Thai. 2001;84(3 Suppl):S669–675
- Effect of treatment for Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori on markers of inflammation and cardiac events in patients with acute coronary syndromes (South Thames Trial of Antibiotics in Myocardial Infarction and Unstable Angina (STAMINA)). Circulation. 2002;106:1219–1223
- Effect of 3 months of antimicrobial treatment with clarithromycin in acute non-Q-wave coronary syndrome. Circulation. 2002;105:1555–1560
- Effect of short-term treatment with azithromycin on recurrent ischaemic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome in the Azithromycin in Acute Coronary Syndrome (AZACS) trial (a randomised controlled trial). Lancet. 2003;361:809–813
- Antibiotic therapy after acute myocardial infarction (a prospective randomized study). Circulation. 2003;107:1253–1259
- Design of the Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy (PROVE IT)-TIMI 22 trial. Am J Cardiol. 2002;89:860–861
- Treatment of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection with roxithromycin and effect on neointima proliferation after coronary stent placement (ISAR-3) (a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial). Lancet. 2001;357:2085–2089
- Randomised trial of roxithromycin in non-Q-wave coronary syndromes (ROXIS Pilot Study. ROXIS Study Group). Lancet. 1997;350:404–407
PII: S0002-8703(03)00652-5
doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2003.09.011
© 2004 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
« Previous
Next »
American Heart Journal
Volume 147, Issue 2
, Pages 202-209
, February 2004
