American Heart Journal
Volume 144, Issue 6 , Pages 987-994 , December 2002

Does chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection increase the risk of myocardial injury? Insights from patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes

Received 8 October 2001 ,Accepted 22 May 2002.

References 

  1. Saikku P. The epidemiology and significance of Chlamydia pneumonia. J Infect. 1992;39:88–90
  2. Wong YK, Gallagher PJ, Ward ME. Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis. Heart. 1999;81:232–238
  3. Gupta S, Leatham EW, Carrington D, et al.  Elevated Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies, cardiovascular events, and azithromycin in male survivors of myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1997;96:404–407
  4. Gurfinkel E, Bozovich G, Beck E, et al.  Treatment with the antibiotic ROXithromycin in patients with acute non-Q-wave coronary syndromes. The final report of the ROXIS study. Eur Heart J. 1999;20:121–127
  5. Muhlestein JB, Anderson JL, Carlquist JF, et al.  Randomized secondary prevention trial of azithromycin in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2000;102:1755–1760
  6. Neumann FJ, Kastrati A, Miethke T, et al.  Treatment of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection with roxithromycin and effect on neointima proliferation after coronary stent placement (ISAR-3): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2001;357:2085–2089
  7. Cercek B, Azithromycin in Acute Coronary Syndrome (AZACS) Investigators . The effect of short-term treatment with azithromycin on recurrent ischemic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:7
  8. Dunne M, O'Connor C, Pfeffer M, et al.  Weekly Intervention with Zithromax for Atherosclerosis and Its Related Disorders (The WIZARD Study). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:7–8
  9. Fagerberg B, Gnarpe J, Gnarpe H, et al.  Chlamydia pneumoniae but not cytomegalovirus antibodies are associated with higher risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease: a prospective study in middle-aged to elderly men with treated hypertension. Stroke. 1999;30:299–305
  10. Rassenti LZ, Kipps TJ. Immunoglobin genes. In:  Rose NR,  de Macario EC,  Folds JD, et al. editor. Manual of clinical laboratory immunology. Washington DC: : American Society for Microbiology; 1997;p. 147–155
  11. Alexander JH, Sparapani RA, Mahaffey KW, et al.  Association between minor elevation of creatine kinase-MB level and mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. JAMA. 2000;283:347–353
  12. Antman EM, Tanasijevic MJ, Thompson B, et al.  Cardiac-specific troponin I levels to predict the risk of mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1342–1349
  13. Danesh J, Wong Y, Ward M, et al.  Chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumoniae, or cytomegalovirus: population-based study of coronary heart disease. Heart. 1999;81:245–247
  14. Danesh J, Whincup P, Walker M, et al.  Chlamydia pneumoniae IgG titers and coronary heart disease: prospective study and meta-analysis. Br Med J. 2000;321:208–213
  15. Ridker PM, Kundsin RB, Stampfer MJ, et al.  Prospective study of Chlamydia pneumoniae IgG seropositivity and risk of future myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1999;99:1161–1164
  16. Nieto FJ, Folsom AR, Sorlie PD, et al.  Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and incident coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150:149–156
  17. Wald NJ, Law MR, Morris JK, et al.  Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and mortality from ischemic heart disease: large prospective study. Br Med J. 2000;321:204–207
  18. Falck G, Gnarpe J, Gnarpe H. Persistent Chlamydia infection in a Swedish family. Scand J Infect Dis. 1996;28:271–273
  19. Gnarpe J, Sparr A, Nääs J, et al.  Serological analysis of specific IgA to Chlamydia pneumoniae: increased sensitivity of IgA antibody detection using prolonged incubation and high antigen concentration. APMIS. 2000;108:357–362
  20. Boeckh M, Boivin G. Quantitation of cytomegalovirus: methodologic aspects and clinical applications. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998;11:533–554
  21. Berger A, Braner J, Doerr HW, et al.  Quantification of viral load: clinical relevance for human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection. Intervirology. 1998;41:24–34
  22. Gretch DR. Diagnostic tests for hepatitis C. Hepatology. 1997;26(1 Suppl):43S–47S

☆ Guest Editor for this manuscript was Joseph Brent Muhlestein, MD, LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah.

☆☆ Reprint requests: Paul W. Armstrong, MD, 2-51 Medical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H7.

★ E-mail: paul.armstrong@ualberta.ca

PII: S0002-8703(02)00222-3

doi: 10.1067/mhj.2002.126734

American Heart Journal
Volume 144, Issue 6 , Pages 987-994 , December 2002

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution